The Sri Lankan Civil War is the civil war that took place in Sri Lanka from 1983 to 2009. Since 23 July 1983, there have been intermittent riots against the Tamil Tiger government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (
also known as the LTTE), led by Velupillai Prabhakaran. Due to continued discrimination and violent persecution of Sri Lankan Tamils by the Sinhalese-dominated government of Sri Lanka, the LTTE fought to create an independent Tamil state called Tamil Eelam in the northeast of the island. Violent persecution of Tamils erupted in the form of anti-Tamil pogroms in 1956, 1958, 1977, 1981, 1983 and the 1981 Jaffna public library fire. These were carried out in the years after Sri Lanka gained independence from the British Empire in 1948 by a majority Sinhalese mob, often with state support. Shortly after independence, Sinhalese was recognized as the only official language of the country. After 26 years of military operations, the Sri Lankan army militarily defeated the Tamil Tigers in her May 2009, ending the civil war. Up to 70,000 people died by 2007. On May 20, 2009, shortly after the war ended, the United Nations estimated the total death toll to be between 80,000 and 100,000. However, in 2011, regarding the final stages of the civil war in 2009, the report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka stated:
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